{"id":2118,"date":"2015-03-11T15:57:28","date_gmt":"2015-03-11T13:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kariyer.net\/ik-blog\/?p=2118"},"modified":"2024-08-12T11:58:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T08:58:04","slug":"is-yerinizde-mobbing-yasiyor-musunuz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kariyer.net\/ik-blog\/is-yerinizde-mobbing-yasiyor-musunuz\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015f yerinizde mobbing ya\u015f\u0131yor musunuz?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130\u015fyerinde psikolojik taciz olarak ifade edilen ve insan haklar\u0131 ihlalinin bir \u00e7e\u015fidi olan \u201cmobbing\u201d, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131na bir \u015fekilde girmi\u015f olan herkesin a\u015fina oldu\u011fu bir kavram art\u0131k. \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 Y\u00f6neticisi Nil\u00fcfer \u00d6zemir Soysal’a g\u00f6re hissetti\u011fi bask\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden\u00a0sabahlar\u0131 i\u015fe gitmek istemeyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"mobbing\"<\/a>Toplumsal yozla\u015fman\u0131n, rekabetle k\u0131z\u0131\u015fan i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na da yans\u0131malar\u0131 oluyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana var olan ancak bug\u00fcne kadar ola\u011fan kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemi\u015f, ad\u0131 konulamam\u0131\u015f benzer olaylar, son zamanlarda sosyoloji ve hukuk ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere disiplinler aras\u0131 bir konu haline gelen mobbing kavram\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor. \u015eimdilerde bu kavram\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni ise mobbing’in sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bireysel zararlar\u0131ndan \u00f6te topluma verdi\u011fi zararlar\u0131n\u0131n da artmas\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Tek kalm\u0131\u015f bireye zarar vermek<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ortak bir kavram tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olan mobbing terimi \u0130ngilizce\u2019de \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fctsel bask\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cmob\u201d kelimesinden geliyor. Mobbing terimi ilk olarak Avusturyal\u0131 etoloji uzman\u0131 Konrad Lorenz taraf\u0131ndan 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda hayvan gruplar\u0131yla ilgili olarak, daha sonra \u0130sve\u00e7li Dr. Peter-Paul Heinemann taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklardan olu\u015fmu\u015f bir grubun yaln\u0131z bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa tav\u0131r al\u0131p zarar vermesini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki kullan\u0131mda da ortak olan \u015fey, grup olu\u015fturan bireylerin tek kalm\u0131\u015f bir bireye zarar vermesiydi. Sonralar\u0131, ABD odakl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda fiziksel \u015fiddet i\u00e7in \u201cbullying\u201d terimi kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, psikolojik bask\u0131 ve y\u0131ld\u0131rma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n benimsendi\u011fi i\u015f yeri psikolojilerini tan\u0131mlamada mobbing terimi kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mobbing olgusuna ilk kez \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan Alman end\u00fcstri psikologu ve t\u0131p bilimcisi Dr. Heinz Leymann tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 45 ayr\u0131 mobbing davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re be\u015f grupta topluyor:<\/p>\n

1. grup: Kendini g\u00f6stermeyi ve ileti\u015fim olu\u015fumunu engellemek:<\/strong> \u00dcst\u00fcn\u00fcz taraf\u0131ndan kendinizi g\u00f6sterme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131z k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131r, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz s\u00fcrekli kesilir, y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcze ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve y\u00fcksek sesle azarlan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u015f s\u00fcrekli ele\u015ftirilir vb.
\n2. grup: Sosyal ili\u015fkilere sald\u0131r\u0131lar:<\/strong> \u00c7evrenizdeki insanlar sizinle konu\u015fmazlar, kimseyle konu\u015famazs\u0131n\u0131z, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ula\u015fman\u0131z engellenir, sanki orada de\u011filmi\u015fsiniz gibi davran\u0131l\u0131r, izole edilirsiniz vb.
\n3. grup: \u0130tibar\u0131n\u0131za sald\u0131r\u0131lar:<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar arkan\u0131zdan k\u00f6t\u00fc konu\u015fur, as\u0131ls\u0131z s\u00f6ylentiler ortada dola\u015f\u0131r, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 durumlara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz, cinsel imalar yap\u0131l\u0131r vb.
\n4. grup: Ki\u015finin ya\u015fam kalitesi ve mesleki durumuna sald\u0131r\u0131\u015flar:<\/strong> Sizin i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zel g\u00f6rev yoktur, size verilen i\u015fler geri al\u0131n\u0131r ve yerine fotokopi \u00e7ekme, dosyalama, telefonlara bakma gibi i\u015fler verilir, i\u015finiz s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015ftirilir, size mali y\u00fck getirecek genel zararlara sebep olunur vb.
\n5. grup: Ki\u015finin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na do\u011frudan sald\u0131r\u0131lar:<\/strong> Fiziksel olarak a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fler yapmaya zorlan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z, fiziksel \u015fiddet tehditleri yap\u0131l\u0131r, fiziksel zarar, do\u011frudan cinsel taciz vb.<\/p>\n

Olaya de\u011fil ki\u015fiye odaklanan psikolojik ter\u00f6r<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Psikolog, akademisyen, e\u011fitimci, yazar ve y\u00f6netim dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Prof. Dr. Acar Balta\u015f\u2019a g\u00f6re ise mobbing, \u201c\u0130\u015fyerinde belirli ki\u015fileri hedef alan sistematik bir dizi duygusal sald\u0131r\u0131 ve y\u0131pratma hareketi\u201d. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n stresli ortamlarda k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc s\u00f6zlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fckleri, tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc s\u00f6zlerle ele\u015ftirdikleri zamanlar olabilir. Bu t\u00fcr g\u00fcnl\u00fck ve ge\u00e7en davran\u0131\u015flar mobbing olarak nitelendirilmez. Mobbing, bir veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan; kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, sistematik olarak tekrarlanan, en az alt\u0131 ayd\u0131r devam eden, olaya de\u011fil ki\u015fiye odaklanan psikolojik bir ter\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"mobbing2\"Organizasyon bozuklu\u011fu olan \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Psikolog Michael H. Harrison yak\u0131n zamanda ABD\u2019de 9 bin kamu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 42\u2019sinin, erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 12\u2019sinin son iki y\u0131lda zorbal\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun kay\u0131p zaman ve verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 190 milyon dolara mal oldu\u011funun hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Leymann da \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019de intiharlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 15\u2019inin mobbing kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re mobbing, k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kurulu\u015flarda, hiyerar\u015fik bir yap\u0131la\u015fmada, kontrol\u00fcn zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu ve organizasyon bozuklu\u011fu olan \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde daha yayg\u0131n olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik bu tarz \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde disiplin getirmek, verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rmak gibi nedenler \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclerek me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Mobbingin i\u015fyerlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n ana nedenleri aras\u0131nda hatal\u0131 personel se\u00e7imi ve i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcreci, d\u00f6nemsel i\u015f\u00e7i istihdam\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ac\u0131mas\u0131z rekabet bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Mobingzedelerin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bir i\u015fletme de, \u00f6zellikle ekonomik nedenlerle kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak mobbing uygulayabilir ve bunu i\u015fyeri y\u00f6netim stratejisi olarak se\u00e7ebilir. Ekonomik kriz veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme politikas\u0131 nedeniyle istihdam\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn gen\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ekonomik nedenlerle yap\u0131lan mobbinge \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturabilir. Mobbingzedeler genelde \u00fcst\u00fcn mesleki \u00f6zelliklere ve y\u00fcksek yetkinli\u011fe sahip, kendini ispatlam\u0131\u015f, yarat\u0131c\u0131, d\u00fcr\u00fcst, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131, kendilerini i\u015flerine adam\u0131\u015f, insanlara g\u00fcvenen, de\u011ferleri sa\u011flam, politik davranmay\u0131 bilmeyen, kurumlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131, i\u015fleriyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f, i\u015flerini kaybetti\u011finde derinden etkilenen ki\u015filerdir. B\u00f6ylesine iyi \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n amirin veya do\u011frudan y\u00f6netimin takdirini kazanmalar\u0131 ya da bir m\u00fc\u015fterinin \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc almalar\u0131 gibi hallerde kolayca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131skan\u0131lmas\u0131 da olas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak her zaman mobbingzedenin \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 da gerekmez. Sessiz, ileti\u015fim kuramayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar veya yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 erkekler, g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlar da mobbing kurban\u0131 olabilir. Mobbing uygulayan ki\u015filerse \u00e7o\u011funlukla, yetersiz, korkak, kontrolc\u00fc, kendi eksikliklerini ve g\u00fcvensizliklerini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek kapamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, farkl\u0131l\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcz, iktidara a\u00e7, ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc, kendini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6ren, k\u0131skan\u00e7 yap\u0131dad\u0131rlar. Kendi yetersizliklerini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zor durumlar\u0131yla e\u011flenerek yenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Mobbing \u00e7etesine tepki verdi\u011finde \u201czor insan\u201d su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan mobbingzedede mesleki b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve benlik duygusu zedelenir, uykusuzluk, depresyon, a\u011flama krizleri, unutkanl\u0131k, ani \u00f6fkelenme gibi bir tak\u0131m davran\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u015feklinde psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir ve hatta intihar e\u011filimi olu\u015fabilir. Mobbingzedeler g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri zarar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve etkisiyle, art\u0131k i\u015flerini yapamaz hale gelirler, mobbing uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcren tacizlere maruz kalarak, \u201ckendi istekleriyle\u201d istifa ederler; i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r veya erken emeklili\u011fe zorlanarak i\u015fyerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda en k\u0131sa mobbing s\u00fcresinin alt\u0131 ay, ortalama s\u00fcresinin 15 ay, kal\u0131c\u0131 etkilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana d\u00f6nemin ise 29-46 ay oldu\u011fu saptan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"mobbing\"<\/a>Mobbingi nas\u0131l \u00f6nleyebilirsiniz?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Mobbingi tamamen \u00f6nlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da en aza indirerek fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratmak hedeflenmelidir. \u00d6rg\u00fctler \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fteri \u015fik\u00e2yetleri, i\u015fyeri kazalar\u0131, devams\u0131zl\u0131k, verimsizlik, y\u00fcksek turnover oran\u0131, olumsuz kurum iklimi gibi g\u00f6stergelerin nedenlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mobbing \u015fik\u00e2yetleri \u00f6nemsenerek hemen de\u011ferlendirilmeli, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonland\u0131r\u0131larak taraflar\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kurumun misyon ve vizyonu olu\u015fturulurken bile zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fclemeyece\u011fi ifade edilmeli, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kurallar\u0131yla i\u015f eti\u011fi peki\u015ftirilmelidir. Mobbing olgusu ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ne yapmalar\u0131 ve nereye ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda net prosed\u00fcrler olu\u015fturulmal\u0131 ve bunlar hakk\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar bilgilendirilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca bu konuda her d\u00fczeyden y\u00f6netici e\u011fitim almal\u0131 ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6netimi konusunda bilgilendirilmeliler. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 de 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir anketin kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 70\u2019i mobbing uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bizzat y\u00f6neticileri oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu noktada y\u00f6neticilerin e\u011fitim ve geli\u015fimi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Mobbingzede ise \u00f6ncelikle bilin\u00e7lenmelidir; neye tabi oldu\u011funun ad\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak koymal\u0131, bunu yaparken objektif olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Haklar\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 hissettirmelidir. Kendi i\u015fini yapmal\u0131, i\u015fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen \u00f6nceliksiz i\u015fleri yapmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bunu yaz\u0131l\u0131 istemelidir. Mobbing psikolojik bir sava\u015f oldu\u011fundan psikolojik savunma y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirmeli, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131yla payla\u015farak varsa ayn\u0131 duruma maruz kalan di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla birlikte daha etkili olmak i\u00e7in grup\u00e7a, yoksa bireysel olarak \u00fcstlerini ve\/veya \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini de haberdar etmelidir. \u00dclkemizde mobbing kavram\u0131 yeni oldu\u011fundan, fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratma g\u00f6revi \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. \u0130K \u00fcst y\u00f6netimi uyararak mobbingin neden oldu\u011fu maddi ve manevi zararlar\u0131 \u00fcst y\u00f6netime raporlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kar amac\u0131 g\u00fcden t\u00fcm \u00f6rg\u00fct y\u00f6neticileri \u0130K\u2019n\u0131n mobbingin maddi zararlar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6steren raporlar\u0131ndan etkileneceklerdir. \u0130K raporlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri de sunarak \u0131srarla \u00fcst y\u00f6netimin bu konuda sorumlu oldu\u011funu belirtmelidir.<\/p>\n

Mobbingin yasal boyutu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Mevcut durumun yasal boyutuna bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdaysa; tacizin fiziksel y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri bulurken psikolojik y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeleri bulamamaktay\u0131z. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu yeni olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n psikolojik yan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tatmin edici h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermemektedir. Pek \u00e7ok i\u015fyerinde mobbing ve problemleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu problemler, bir hastal\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclememekte, ilgili \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmamakta veya iyile\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Ama\u00e7 mobbing konusunda bilin\u00e7li bir toplum yaratabilmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, gerek yarg\u0131 gerekse kanun koyucunun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, mobbing olgusunun iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mevcut olaylara bu g\u00f6zle de bak\u0131labilecek bir yetkinli\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Umar\u0131m yak\u0131n zamanda konuyla ilgili fark\u0131ndal\u0131k artarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n akt\u00f6rleri mobbingin y\u0131k\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlayacaklar, yasa koyucular da gerekli yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri de\u011fi\u015ftireceklerdir.<\/p>\n

\"Nil\u00fcfer<\/a>
Nil\u00fcfer \u00d6zemir Soysal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n
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\u0130\u015fyerinde psikolojik taciz olarak ifade edilen ve insan haklar\u0131 ihlalinin bir \u00e7e\u015fidi olan \u201cmobbing\u201d, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131na bir \u015fekilde girmi\u015f olan herkesin a\u015fina oldu\u011fu bir kavram art\u0131k. \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 Y\u00f6neticisi Nil\u00fcfer \u00d6zemir Soysal’a g\u00f6re hissetti\u011fi bask\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden\u00a0sabahlar\u0131 i\u015fe gitmek istemeyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131yor. Toplumsal yozla\u015fman\u0131n, rekabetle k\u0131z\u0131\u015fan i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na da yans\u0131malar\u0131 oluyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu […]<\/p>\n\n

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